Income Inequality And Unemployment Governance In Nigeria - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 385 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/06/10 Category Society Essay Level High school Topics: Unemployment Essay Did you like this example? The different human capital stocks that every individual in a society has creates disparity in opportunity, particularly in the living environment. As the educational level of individuals raises, the ability for maximizing opportunities and, in return, income also usually increases, Muller, (2002), OECD, (2000); Abdullah et al, (2015), Yang and Qui, (2016). However, an increase in the education of an individualrs involvement in the labor force gives them more advantage in the labor market. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Income Inequality And Unemployment Governance In Nigeria" essay for you Create order Thus, Park, (1996), argued that an increase in education level eliminates income inequalities in the labor market by for an individualrs more chances of employment. However, as long as training services are rendered to individuals in a country equally and fairly, well-educated individuals can prolong their capital stocks and gain higher incomes, but individuals with fewer levels of education must settle for less income. This situation, observed mostly in underdeveloped countries, to separates the income distribution particular to the training factor and causes injustice in the context of the labor environment rather than the production industries Ferreira, (2001) Afonso et al, (2010). In a study conducted by Fields, (1980) analyzing cross-sectional data collected from Latin America, Asia, and Africa. The outcomes revealed that education level generates differences in the poverty rate at the rural and urban level. Sylwester, (2000) also indicated that public education expenditure increases income inequality by reducing short-term economic growth, but that education expenditure affects economic growth and income distribution are positively significant in the long-term. Moreover, another study conducted by Sylwester, (2002) examining data from 50 countries between 1970 and 1990. He concluded that public education expenditure positively decreases to income inequality gap. Ferdi Celikay, (2016) conducted a study of 31 European countries for the period 2004-2011. The results revealed that a one percent increase in education raises the income inequality (Gini coefficient) by 0.20 percent in the short-run and reduce it by 0.20 percent in the long-run. Therefore, an increase in the level of education affects income inequality negatively. Palaz et al, (2013) also confirmed that having primary education negatively affects income inequality but higher school education reduces the negative effects on income inequality. Several empirical studies have indicated that education expenditure or an increase in education level reduce the level of income inequality. This study will include the education level in its model for the second objective in determining the causes of income inequality in Nigeria in both the short- run and long-run.

Essay on Unconditional Planetary Love - 1049 Words

Over the years, the Earth’s atmosphere has been exposed to many man-made products and pollutants, and has incurred detrimental effects in return. The ozone layer is suffering severe damage from the gasses that are emitted from cars, factories, aerosol sprays and much more. â€Å"Fossil fuels are the single largest of atmospheric pollution; when burnt, they release in the air particle matter, carbon monoxide and dioxide, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, and metal compounds† (Our Planet). There are many things that can be done, to reduce the negative effects which are now occurring. The government can help in numerous ways; from requiring the use of â€Å"greener† technology in the manufacturing of products to regulating the amount and type of†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"According to the U.S. Department of Energy , In 1990, California’s wind power plants offset the emission of more than 2.5 billion pounds of carbon dioxide, and 15 million pounds of o ther pollutants that would have otherwise been produced† (Wind). However, there are concerns about the noise that is produced from the blades, and the fact that birds, or other small flying animals can fly into the blades and die. Another small issue with wind power is that it is often available only in remote or offshore locations. As a whole, these concerns are minimal compared to the benefits that can be reaped. Biomass is another great resource for producing electricity. â€Å"Biomass is a matter usually thought of as garbage† (Energy). It includes wood chips, crops, tires, dead trees, manure and much more. â€Å"When garbage decomposes, it gives off methane gas† (Energy). â€Å"Pipelines are put into the landfills and the methane gas can be collected. It is then used in power plants to make electricity† (Energy). An additional use of biomass is to produce ethanol.†Ethanol can be used in special types of cars that are made for using alcohol fuel instead of gasoline. The alcohol can also be combined with gasoline. This reduces our dependence on oil- a non-renewable fossil fuel† (Energy). Biomass is a renewable resource, because trees and plants can be replanted over and over, and used to produce fuel. â€Å"Biomass fuels are used to meet the energy needs of nearly half theShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesThe chapter so far Why modernists love systems theory From a modernist perspective, interest in systems theory is understandable. It displays a fascination with the key concerns of modernism. †¢ These concerns include: †¢ the search for order and rationality †¢ the establishment of control over knowledge through control of flows of information and the ability to assemble data in ways that are rational and ordered †¢ the desire for the whole picture †¢ the modernist love of hierarchy †¢ a passion to understandRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pagesof social behavior and etiquette. The basic values of the Confucian culture are: (1) complete loyalty to a hierarchical structure of authority, whether based in the family, the company, or the nation; (2) duty to parents, expressed through loyalty, love, and gratitude; and (3) strict rules of conduct, involving complete obedience and respectful behavior within superiors-subordinate relationships, such as parents+hildren, old-young, male-female, and teacher-student. These values affect both social

Analyses The Effectiveness Of Deception †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Analyses The Effectiveness Of Deception Techniques. Answer: Deception is termed as an act that makes people belief events that are not true. Manipulation of the mind of the people by various means such as dissimulation, distraction, camouflage and concealment are termed as deception. These techniques are used to learn certain truths from people. It also helps people to hide the truth from other people. In this context, the essay deals with the concept of deception in psychology. The essay analyses the effectiveness of deception techniques that are used in the psychological treatment of people. Ethical standards and codes are also analysed in order to understand whether the deception techniques used by psychologists are acceptable. According to Granhag, Vrij and Verschuere (2015), most psychologists around the world use deception techniques in order to understand the problems of the patients. The psychologists act as friends in order to identify the causes behind the psychological trauma of the individuals. The researchers are deceived by means of various techniques and beliefs. At some point in time, they are made to believe that they have killed a person. This leads to major psychological trauma of a person. Sometimes it may also lead to the physical pain of a person. In this regard, most psychologists believe that the method of deception is not acceptable for research purpose. In the words of Grefenstette (2014), most psychologists believe that deception of a person cannot be prevented all the time. Even with the careful precautionary measures, subjects may be harmed unintentionally. In some critical cases, it is necessary to deceive the person for trying to cure them in an effective manner. This is normally seen in the case of cure of altruism. People suffering from altruism need to be deceived and distressed due to the nature of the study. Hence, despite taking preventive measures the mental or physical damage that is caused in this case cannot be prevented. Some of the methods that are implemented by psychologists include lies, understatements and concealment and so on. These are adopted effectively and efficiently used in order to understand the mentality of the person. According to Baughman, Lyons and Vernon (2014), the psychologists use these methods in order to access the human participants in an effective manner. Some psychologists do not indulge in deceptive studies of a patient unless they feel that it is necessary to earn the trusts by deception method. It has also been seen that psychologists discriminate between people on whom the deceptive behaviour is applied. This is done in order to prevent the physical or mental pain that it may cause on the person. Some psychologists also use the method of deception in order to take efficient care of the person. Later after the conclusion of care, the data received from the person are returned back or destroyed in order to maintain the confidentiality of the patient. The deception is based on the context of the messages that have been exchanged between the patients and psychologists (Boush, Friestad Wright, 2015). In this regard, examples of famous studies in which deception has been used in order by psychologists can be examined. One example that can be stated is the Rosenhan's study of sane in insane places'. The participants involved in this research had to deceive the hospital members in order to acquire the desired results. The staffs have also deceived that lead to the follow up of the study. This case study defines the positive effect deception can have on curing a patient. Burgoon, Moffitt Spitzley (2016) stated that the uncertainty of the research brought about a cure for schizophrenia and other similar disorders. The number of patients reduced in the institution due to this problem was also reduced. Another example that can be provided is the study of Tuskegee Syphilis. The study was conducted for 40 years during which time none of the participants were made aware of the fact that they were suffering from syphilis. Despite finding an effective cure for the disease by using penicillin, the psychologists did not administer it in order to maintain the deceptive study. Many scholars including Akerlof Shiller (2015) considered this study as one of the most infamous cases in psychology. This also led to major changes in the US law regarding the use of deception as a means of psychological analysis. It has been seen that misleading and deception has been considered as unethical by many people. Specific emphasis has been made in psychological services that are provided to the patients. The ethical considerations that need to be considered include respecting the rights of the people, incorporating benefits of responsibilities to clients and reflecting the needs of the psychologists to possess good character (Blandn-Gitlin et al., 2014). These ethical considerations can help an individual to remain active in terms of adopting a deceptive method for curing patients. Misleading or confusing people also need to be avoided by the psychologists. Ceci et al., (2013) stated that the use of deception on a participant can be allowed if the patients have been informed about the purpose of the psychological tests. In the cases stated above the participants were not involved in the purpose of conducting research upon them. One of the deceptive techniques may have brought bright results, but the use of this method is deemed to be unethical in every manner. It is also necessary to inform all the participants about the nature of the test. This can help in making sure that any negative consequence can be mitigated. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of deception as a method of psychological treatment should not be considered. The physical or the mental breakdown that people may endure can result in the rise of violent behaviour among the people. The case studies described provide a proper analysis of the possible problems that may arise in the case of using deception as a means of treatment. Acquiring information about people need to be undertaken in a proper manner without violating any ethical codes or behaviour. References Akerlof, G. A., Shiller, R. J. (2015).Phishing for phools: The economics of manipulation and deception. Princeton University Press. Baughman, H. M., Lyons, M., Vernon, P. A. (2014). Liar liar pants on fire: Cheater strategies linked to the Dark Triad.Personality and Individual Differences,71, 35-38. Blandn-Gitlin, I., Fenn, E., Masip, J., Yoo, A. H. (2014). Cognitive-load approaches to detect deception: searching for cognitive mechanisms.Trends in cognitive sciences,18(9), 441-444. Boush, D. M., Friestad, M., Wright, P. (2015).Deception in the marketplace: The psychology of deceptive persuasion and consumer self-protection. Routledge. Burgoon, J., Moffitt, K., Spitzley, L. (2016). Which spoken language markers identify deception in high-stakes settings? Evidence from earnings conference calls.Journal of Language and Social Psychology,35(2), 123-157. Ceci, S. J., Leichtman, M. D., Putnick, M., Leichtman, M., Putnick, M. E. (Eds.). (2013).Cognitive and social factors in early deception. Psychology Press. Granhag, P. A., Vrij, A., Verschuere, B. (Eds.). (2015).Detecting deception: current challenges and cognitive approaches. John Wiley Sons. Grefenstette, J. J. (2014). Deception Considered Harmful sk.Foundations of Genetic Algorithms 1993 (FOGA 2),2, 75.

Analyses The Effectiveness Of Deception †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Analyses The Effectiveness Of Deception Techniques. Answer: Deception is termed as an act that makes people belief events that are not true. Manipulation of the mind of the people by various means such as dissimulation, distraction, camouflage and concealment are termed as deception. These techniques are used to learn certain truths from people. It also helps people to hide the truth from other people. In this context, the essay deals with the concept of deception in psychology. The essay analyses the effectiveness of deception techniques that are used in the psychological treatment of people. Ethical standards and codes are also analysed in order to understand whether the deception techniques used by psychologists are acceptable. According to Granhag, Vrij and Verschuere (2015), most psychologists around the world use deception techniques in order to understand the problems of the patients. The psychologists act as friends in order to identify the causes behind the psychological trauma of the individuals. The researchers are deceived by means of various techniques and beliefs. At some point in time, they are made to believe that they have killed a person. This leads to major psychological trauma of a person. Sometimes it may also lead to the physical pain of a person. In this regard, most psychologists believe that the method of deception is not acceptable for research purpose. In the words of Grefenstette (2014), most psychologists believe that deception of a person cannot be prevented all the time. Even with the careful precautionary measures, subjects may be harmed unintentionally. In some critical cases, it is necessary to deceive the person for trying to cure them in an effective manner. This is normally seen in the case of cure of altruism. People suffering from altruism need to be deceived and distressed due to the nature of the study. Hence, despite taking preventive measures the mental or physical damage that is caused in this case cannot be prevented. Some of the methods that are implemented by psychologists include lies, understatements and concealment and so on. These are adopted effectively and efficiently used in order to understand the mentality of the person. According to Baughman, Lyons and Vernon (2014), the psychologists use these methods in order to access the human participants in an effective manner. Some psychologists do not indulge in deceptive studies of a patient unless they feel that it is necessary to earn the trusts by deception method. It has also been seen that psychologists discriminate between people on whom the deceptive behaviour is applied. This is done in order to prevent the physical or mental pain that it may cause on the person. Some psychologists also use the method of deception in order to take efficient care of the person. Later after the conclusion of care, the data received from the person are returned back or destroyed in order to maintain the confidentiality of the patient. The deception is based on the context of the messages that have been exchanged between the patients and psychologists (Boush, Friestad Wright, 2015). In this regard, examples of famous studies in which deception has been used in order by psychologists can be examined. One example that can be stated is the Rosenhan's study of sane in insane places'. The participants involved in this research had to deceive the hospital members in order to acquire the desired results. The staffs have also deceived that lead to the follow up of the study. This case study defines the positive effect deception can have on curing a patient. Burgoon, Moffitt Spitzley (2016) stated that the uncertainty of the research brought about a cure for schizophrenia and other similar disorders. The number of patients reduced in the institution due to this problem was also reduced. Another example that can be provided is the study of Tuskegee Syphilis. The study was conducted for 40 years during which time none of the participants were made aware of the fact that they were suffering from syphilis. Despite finding an effective cure for the disease by using penicillin, the psychologists did not administer it in order to maintain the deceptive study. Many scholars including Akerlof Shiller (2015) considered this study as one of the most infamous cases in psychology. This also led to major changes in the US law regarding the use of deception as a means of psychological analysis. It has been seen that misleading and deception has been considered as unethical by many people. Specific emphasis has been made in psychological services that are provided to the patients. The ethical considerations that need to be considered include respecting the rights of the people, incorporating benefits of responsibilities to clients and reflecting the needs of the psychologists to possess good character (Blandn-Gitlin et al., 2014). These ethical considerations can help an individual to remain active in terms of adopting a deceptive method for curing patients. Misleading or confusing people also need to be avoided by the psychologists. Ceci et al., (2013) stated that the use of deception on a participant can be allowed if the patients have been informed about the purpose of the psychological tests. In the cases stated above the participants were not involved in the purpose of conducting research upon them. One of the deceptive techniques may have brought bright results, but the use of this method is deemed to be unethical in every manner. It is also necessary to inform all the participants about the nature of the test. This can help in making sure that any negative consequence can be mitigated. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of deception as a method of psychological treatment should not be considered. The physical or the mental breakdown that people may endure can result in the rise of violent behaviour among the people. The case studies described provide a proper analysis of the possible problems that may arise in the case of using deception as a means of treatment. Acquiring information about people need to be undertaken in a proper manner without violating any ethical codes or behaviour. References Akerlof, G. A., Shiller, R. J. (2015).Phishing for phools: The economics of manipulation and deception. Princeton University Press. Baughman, H. M., Lyons, M., Vernon, P. A. (2014). Liar liar pants on fire: Cheater strategies linked to the Dark Triad.Personality and Individual Differences,71, 35-38. Blandn-Gitlin, I., Fenn, E., Masip, J., Yoo, A. H. (2014). Cognitive-load approaches to detect deception: searching for cognitive mechanisms.Trends in cognitive sciences,18(9), 441-444. Boush, D. M., Friestad, M., Wright, P. (2015).Deception in the marketplace: The psychology of deceptive persuasion and consumer self-protection. Routledge. Burgoon, J., Moffitt, K., Spitzley, L. (2016). Which spoken language markers identify deception in high-stakes settings? Evidence from earnings conference calls.Journal of Language and Social Psychology,35(2), 123-157. Ceci, S. J., Leichtman, M. D., Putnick, M., Leichtman, M., Putnick, M. E. (Eds.). (2013).Cognitive and social factors in early deception. Psychology Press. Granhag, P. A., Vrij, A., Verschuere, B. (Eds.). (2015).Detecting deception: current challenges and cognitive approaches. John Wiley Sons. Grefenstette, J. J. (2014). Deception Considered Harmful sk.Foundations of Genetic Algorithms 1993 (FOGA 2),2, 75.

Analyses The Effectiveness Of Deception †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Analyses The Effectiveness Of Deception Techniques. Answer: Deception is termed as an act that makes people belief events that are not true. Manipulation of the mind of the people by various means such as dissimulation, distraction, camouflage and concealment are termed as deception. These techniques are used to learn certain truths from people. It also helps people to hide the truth from other people. In this context, the essay deals with the concept of deception in psychology. The essay analyses the effectiveness of deception techniques that are used in the psychological treatment of people. Ethical standards and codes are also analysed in order to understand whether the deception techniques used by psychologists are acceptable. According to Granhag, Vrij and Verschuere (2015), most psychologists around the world use deception techniques in order to understand the problems of the patients. The psychologists act as friends in order to identify the causes behind the psychological trauma of the individuals. The researchers are deceived by means of various techniques and beliefs. At some point in time, they are made to believe that they have killed a person. This leads to major psychological trauma of a person. Sometimes it may also lead to the physical pain of a person. In this regard, most psychologists believe that the method of deception is not acceptable for research purpose. In the words of Grefenstette (2014), most psychologists believe that deception of a person cannot be prevented all the time. Even with the careful precautionary measures, subjects may be harmed unintentionally. In some critical cases, it is necessary to deceive the person for trying to cure them in an effective manner. This is normally seen in the case of cure of altruism. People suffering from altruism need to be deceived and distressed due to the nature of the study. Hence, despite taking preventive measures the mental or physical damage that is caused in this case cannot be prevented. Some of the methods that are implemented by psychologists include lies, understatements and concealment and so on. These are adopted effectively and efficiently used in order to understand the mentality of the person. According to Baughman, Lyons and Vernon (2014), the psychologists use these methods in order to access the human participants in an effective manner. Some psychologists do not indulge in deceptive studies of a patient unless they feel that it is necessary to earn the trusts by deception method. It has also been seen that psychologists discriminate between people on whom the deceptive behaviour is applied. This is done in order to prevent the physical or mental pain that it may cause on the person. Some psychologists also use the method of deception in order to take efficient care of the person. Later after the conclusion of care, the data received from the person are returned back or destroyed in order to maintain the confidentiality of the patient. The deception is based on the context of the messages that have been exchanged between the patients and psychologists (Boush, Friestad Wright, 2015). In this regard, examples of famous studies in which deception has been used in order by psychologists can be examined. One example that can be stated is the Rosenhan's study of sane in insane places'. The participants involved in this research had to deceive the hospital members in order to acquire the desired results. The staffs have also deceived that lead to the follow up of the study. This case study defines the positive effect deception can have on curing a patient. Burgoon, Moffitt Spitzley (2016) stated that the uncertainty of the research brought about a cure for schizophrenia and other similar disorders. The number of patients reduced in the institution due to this problem was also reduced. Another example that can be provided is the study of Tuskegee Syphilis. The study was conducted for 40 years during which time none of the participants were made aware of the fact that they were suffering from syphilis. Despite finding an effective cure for the disease by using penicillin, the psychologists did not administer it in order to maintain the deceptive study. Many scholars including Akerlof Shiller (2015) considered this study as one of the most infamous cases in psychology. This also led to major changes in the US law regarding the use of deception as a means of psychological analysis. It has been seen that misleading and deception has been considered as unethical by many people. Specific emphasis has been made in psychological services that are provided to the patients. The ethical considerations that need to be considered include respecting the rights of the people, incorporating benefits of responsibilities to clients and reflecting the needs of the psychologists to possess good character (Blandn-Gitlin et al., 2014). These ethical considerations can help an individual to remain active in terms of adopting a deceptive method for curing patients. Misleading or confusing people also need to be avoided by the psychologists. Ceci et al., (2013) stated that the use of deception on a participant can be allowed if the patients have been informed about the purpose of the psychological tests. In the cases stated above the participants were not involved in the purpose of conducting research upon them. One of the deceptive techniques may have brought bright results, but the use of this method is deemed to be unethical in every manner. It is also necessary to inform all the participants about the nature of the test. This can help in making sure that any negative consequence can be mitigated. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of deception as a method of psychological treatment should not be considered. The physical or the mental breakdown that people may endure can result in the rise of violent behaviour among the people. The case studies described provide a proper analysis of the possible problems that may arise in the case of using deception as a means of treatment. Acquiring information about people need to be undertaken in a proper manner without violating any ethical codes or behaviour. References Akerlof, G. A., Shiller, R. J. (2015).Phishing for phools: The economics of manipulation and deception. Princeton University Press. Baughman, H. M., Lyons, M., Vernon, P. A. (2014). Liar liar pants on fire: Cheater strategies linked to the Dark Triad.Personality and Individual Differences,71, 35-38. Blandn-Gitlin, I., Fenn, E., Masip, J., Yoo, A. H. (2014). Cognitive-load approaches to detect deception: searching for cognitive mechanisms.Trends in cognitive sciences,18(9), 441-444. Boush, D. M., Friestad, M., Wright, P. (2015).Deception in the marketplace: The psychology of deceptive persuasion and consumer self-protection. Routledge. Burgoon, J., Moffitt, K., Spitzley, L. (2016). Which spoken language markers identify deception in high-stakes settings? Evidence from earnings conference calls.Journal of Language and Social Psychology,35(2), 123-157. Ceci, S. J., Leichtman, M. D., Putnick, M., Leichtman, M., Putnick, M. E. (Eds.). (2013).Cognitive and social factors in early deception. Psychology Press. Granhag, P. A., Vrij, A., Verschuere, B. (Eds.). (2015).Detecting deception: current challenges and cognitive approaches. John Wiley Sons. Grefenstette, J. J. (2014). Deception Considered Harmful sk.Foundations of Genetic Algorithms 1993 (FOGA 2),2, 75.

Things Fall Apart and Ibo Community Essay Example

Things Fall Apart and Ibo Community Paper Describe the marriage and family system of the Ibo, using as many terms discussed in class as possible. In the Ibo community, polygamy is an accepted practice. Okonkwo is a prime example of the typical male in the tribe. He has three wives total and many children. In the Ibo community, the more wives a man has the more masculine he is considered. The people of the community worship their ancestors very often. 2. Why did â€Å"things fall apart? † Things fell apart in the Ibo community because of the outside influences coming into their village and changing their culture. The Ibo had a lack of communication with the Christian missionaries. The religions of the two sides differed vastly and they could not truly agree on God or how to worship. The Ibo could not understand the Holy Trinity and they were being told that the statues of their gods that they believed were made by their one supreme god were fake gods. To prevent the community from falling apart, the missionaries could have accepted that the Ibo would not want to change their religion and left the community alone. 3. Was Mr. Brown (the initial missionary) ethnocentric? Why or why not? Mr. Brown was extremely ethnocentric. When he arrived to Umuofia he immediately told the people of the Ibo community that they were worshipping false gods and they must accept Christianity. He says that the gods of the village are incapable of causing any harm to him for the way he speaks about them. He accepted everyone into the church, even those who were outcasts of the community and did not pay attention to the rules of the villagers. 4. We will write a custom essay sample on Things Fall Apart and Ibo Community specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Things Fall Apart and Ibo Community specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Things Fall Apart and Ibo Community specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer What, in your opinion, is the most important message in this novel? I think the most important message in this novel is that some things and some people just aren’t meant to change. There are some people that are so set in their ways that when others intervene, it causes extreme problems. When the messenger at the meeting near the end of the novel says that the meeting is over, Okonkwo kills him immediately because he is so frustrated with the way his people have handled the missionaries since they arrived.

The Spanish-American War essays

The Spanish-American War essays It has been a splendid little war wrote John Hay to Theodore Roosevelt after the fall of Santiago. Little, the Spanish-American War was; it was over in barely four months. Splendid? Maybe for those at home, reading the headline about its lucky victories. But for those men who fought in it, it was a bloody, dirty and heroic war as any in history. Zinn, Johnson, and Tindall In Howard Zinns book, he emphasized strongly on commercial possibilities, economic interest and an establishment of a white and a black republic in Cuba. In 1898, there was a turnabout in the US business attitudes on Cuba. Businessmen had been interested, from the start of the Cuban revolt against Spain in the effect on commercial possibilities there. There was a substantial economic interest in the island because according to President Grover Clevelands summarization in 1896, it is estimated that at least $30 million to $50 million of American capital are invested in the plantations and in railroad, mining and other business enterprises on the island. The volume trade between the US and Cuba, which in 1889 amounted to about $64 million rose in 1893 to about $103 million. The US government had power and profit in mind as it observed the events in Cuba. The issue with the establishment of a white and a black republic was also a concern to the Cleveland administration if Cuba w ins the war since Cuba had a mixture of the two races. Out of the three books, only Zinn wrote about this issue. A black republic might be dominant. Two-fifths of the insurgents in the field are negroes. If these men win, they would demand a predominant share in the gov...